+double estimate_time_step(t_moldyn *moldyn,double nn_dist,double t) {
+
+ double tau;
+
+ tau=0.05*nn_dist/(sqrt(3.0*K_BOLTZMANN*t/moldyn->atom[0].mass));
+ tau*=1.0E-9;
+ if(tau<moldyn->tau)
+ printf("[moldyn] warning: time step (%f > %.15f)\n",
+ moldyn->tau,tau);
+
+ return tau;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ *
+ * 'integration of newtons equation' - algorithms
+ *
+ */
+
+/* start the integration */
+
+int moldyn_integrate(t_moldyn *moldyn) {
+
+ int i;
+ unsigned int e,m,s,d,v;
+ t_3dvec p;
+
+ int fd;
+ char fb[128];
+
+ e=moldyn->ewrite;
+ m=moldyn->mwrite;
+ s=moldyn->swrite;
+ d=moldyn->dwrite;
+ v=moldyn->vwrite;
+
+ if(!(moldyn->lvstat&MOLDYN_LVSTAT_INITIALIZED)) {
+ printf("[moldyn] warning, lv system not initialized\n");
+ return -1;
+ }
+
+ /* calculate initial forces */
+ moldyn->force(moldyn);
+
+ for(i=0;i<moldyn->time_steps;i++) {
+ /* integration step */
+ moldyn->integrate(moldyn);
+
+ /* check for log & visualiziation */
+ if(e) {
+ if(!(i%e))
+ dprintf(moldyn->efd,
+ "%.15f %.45f\n",i*moldyn->tau,
+ get_total_energy(moldyn));
+ }
+ if(m) {
+ if(!(i%m)) {
+ p=get_total_p(moldyn->atom,moldyn->count);
+ dprintf(moldyn->mfd,
+ "%.15f %.45f\n",i*moldyn->tau,
+ v3_norm(&p));
+ }
+ }
+ if(s) {
+ if(!(i%s)) {
+ snprintf(fb,128,"%s-%f-%.15f.save",moldyn->sfb,
+ moldyn->t,i*moldyn->tau);
+ fd=open(fb,O_WRONLY|O_TRUNC|O_CREAT);
+ if(fd<0) perror("[moldyn] save fd open");
+ else {
+ write(fd,moldyn,sizeof(t_moldyn));
+ write(fd,moldyn->atom,
+ moldyn->count*sizeof(t_atom));
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ if(d) {
+ if(!(i%d))
+ write(moldyn->dfd,moldyn->atom,
+ moldyn->count*sizeof(t_atom));
+
+ }
+ if(v) {
+ if(!(i%v))
+ visual_atoms(moldyn->visual,i*moldyn->tau,
+ moldyn->atom,moldyn->count);
+ }
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+/* velocity verlet */
+
+int velocity_verlet(t_moldyn *moldyn) {
+
+ int i,count;
+ double tau,tau_square;
+ t_3dvec delta;
+ t_atom *atom;
+
+ atom=moldyn->atom;
+ count=moldyn->count;
+ tau=moldyn->tau;
+
+ tau_square=tau*tau;
+
+ for(i=0;i<count;i++) {
+ /* new positions */
+ v3_scale(&delta,&(atom[i].v),tau);
+ v3_add(&(atom[i].r),&(atom[i].r),&delta);
+ v3_scale(&delta,&(atom[i].f),0.5*tau_square/atom[i].mass);
+ v3_add(&(atom[i].r),&(atom[i].r),&delta);
+ v3_per_bound(&(atom[i].r),&(moldyn->dim));
+
+ /* velocities */
+ v3_scale(&delta,&(atom[i].f),0.5*tau/atom[i].mass);
+ v3_add(&(atom[i].v),&(atom[i].v),&delta);
+ }
+
+ /* forces depending on chosen potential */
+ moldyn->force(moldyn);
+
+ for(i=0;i<count;i++) {
+ /* again velocities */
+ v3_scale(&delta,&(atom[i].f),0.5*tau/atom[i].mass);
+ v3_add(&(atom[i].v),&(atom[i].v),&delta);
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ *
+ * potentials & corresponding forces
+ *
+ */
+
+/* harmonic oscillator potential and force */
+
+double potential_harmonic_oscillator(t_moldyn *moldyn) {
+
+ t_ho_params *params;
+ t_atom *atom;
+ int i,j;
+ int count;
+ t_3dvec distance;
+ double d,u;
+ double sc,equi_dist;
+
+ params=moldyn->pot_params;
+ atom=moldyn->atom;
+ sc=params->spring_constant;
+ equi_dist=params->equilibrium_distance;
+ count=moldyn->count;
+
+ u=0.0;
+ for(i=0;i<count;i++) {
+ for(j=0;j<i;j++) {
+ v3_sub(&distance,&(atom[i].r),&(atom[j].r));
+ d=v3_norm(&distance);
+ u+=(0.5*sc*(d-equi_dist)*(d-equi_dist));
+ }
+ }
+
+ return u;
+}
+
+int force_harmonic_oscillator(t_moldyn *moldyn) {
+
+ t_ho_params *params;
+ int i,j,count;
+ t_atom *atom;
+ t_3dvec distance;
+ t_3dvec force;
+ double d;
+ double sc,equi_dist;
+
+ atom=moldyn->atom;
+ count=moldyn->count;
+ params=moldyn->pot_params;
+ sc=params->spring_constant;
+ equi_dist=params->equilibrium_distance;
+
+ for(i=0;i<count;i++) v3_zero(&(atom[i].f));
+
+ for(i=0;i<count;i++) {
+ for(j=0;j<i;j++) {
+ v3_sub(&distance,&(atom[i].r),&(atom[j].r));
+ v3_per_bound(&distance,&(moldyn->dim));
+ d=v3_norm(&distance);
+ if(d<=moldyn->cutoff) {
+ v3_scale(&force,&distance,
+ (-sc*(1.0-(equi_dist/d))));
+ v3_add(&(atom[i].f),&(atom[i].f),&force);
+ v3_sub(&(atom[j].f),&(atom[j].f),&force);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+/* lennard jones potential & force for one sort of atoms */
+
+double potential_lennard_jones(t_moldyn *moldyn) {