X-Git-Url: https://hackdaworld.org/gitweb/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=posic%2Fthesis%2Fsic.tex;h=43ce6162c98d697b4f344a2553f585aee4947986;hb=2de138197288fafcfcbe01c1deff36099f946818;hp=ee9f2c8731af991a789d7ee8009ad0d9ae864393;hpb=9965e19a285d1af2b8b0a47d62f95904c6507a3f;p=lectures%2Flatex.git diff --git a/posic/thesis/sic.tex b/posic/thesis/sic.tex index ee9f2c8..43ce616 100644 --- a/posic/thesis/sic.tex +++ b/posic/thesis/sic.tex @@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ Further efforts have to be expended to find relations between the growth paramet \subsection{SiC epitaxial thin film growth} Crystalline SiC layers have been grown by a large number of techniques on the surfaces of different substrates. -Most of the crystal growth processes are based on chemical vapor deposition (CVD), solid-source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and gas-source MBE on Si as well as SiC substrates. +Most of the crystal growth processes are based on chemical vapor deposition (CVD), solid-source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and gas-source MBE (GSMBE) on Si as well as SiC substrates. In CVD as well as gas-source MBE, C and Si atoms are supplied by C containing gases like CH$_4$, C$_3$H$_8$, C$_2$H$_2$ or C$_2$H$_4$ and Si containing gases like SiH$_4$, Si$_2$H$_6$, SiH$_2$Cl$_2$, SiHCl$_3$ or SiCl$_4$ respectively. In the case of solid-source MBE atoms are provided by electron beam evaporation of graphite and solid Si or thermal evaporation of fullerenes. The following review will exclusively focus on CVD and MBE techniques. @@ -173,9 +173,37 @@ However, the number of such defects can be reduced by off-axis growth on a Si \h This results in the thermodynamically favored growth of a single phase due to the uni-directional contraction of Si-C-Si bond chains perpendicular to the terrace steps edges during carbonization and the fast growth parallel to the terrace edges during growth under Si rich conditions \cite{kitabatake97}. By MBE, lower process temperatures than these typically employed in CVD have been realized \cite{hatayama95,henke95,fuyuki97,takaoka98}, which is essential for limiting thermal stresses and to avoid resulting substrate bending, a key issue in obtaining large area 3C-SiC surfaces. In summary, the almost universal use of Si has allowed significant progress in the understanding of heteroepitaxial growth of SiC on Si. -However, mismatches in the thermal expansion coefficient and the lattice parameter cause a considerably high concentration of various defects, which is responsible for structural and electrical qualities that are not not yet statisfactory. - -SiC on SiC epitaxy ... +However, mismatches in the thermal expansion coefficient and the lattice parameter cause a considerably high concentration of various defects, which is responsible for structural and electrical qualities that are not yet statisfactory. + +The alternative attempt to grow SiC on SiC substrates has shown to drastically reduce the concentration of defects in deposited layers. +By CVD, both, the 3C \cite{kong88,powell90} as well as the 6H \cite{kong88_2,powell90_2} polytype could be successfully grown. +In order to obtain the homoepitaxially grown 6H polytype, off-axis 6H-SiC wafers are required as a substrate \cite{kimoto93}. +%In the so called step-controlled epitaxy, lateral growth proceeds from atomic steps without the necessity of preceding nucleation events. +Investigations indicate that in the so-called step-controlled epitaxy, crystal growth proceeds through the adsorbtion of Si species at atomic steps and their carbonization by hydrocarbon molecules. +This growth mechanism does not require two-dimensional nucleation. +Instead, crystal growth is governed by mass transport, i.e. the diffusion of reactants in a stagnant layer. +In contrast, layers of the 3C polytype are formed on exactly oriented \hkl(0 0 0 1) 6H-SiC substrates by two-dimensional nucleation on terraces. +{\color{red} Source of APB defects ...} +However, lateral 3C-SiC growth was also observed on low tilt angle off-axis substrates originating from intentionally induced dislocations \cite{powell91}. +Additionally, 6H-SiC was observed on clean substrates even for a tilt angle as low as \unit[0.1]{$^{\circ}$} due to low surface mobilities that facilitate arriving molecules to reach surface steps. +Thus, 3C nucleation is assumed as a result of migrating Si and C cointaining molecules interacting with surface disturbances by a yet unknown mechanism, in contrast to a model \cite{ueda90}, in which the competing 6H versus 3C growth depends on the density of surface steps. +{\color{red} This can be employed to create 3C layers with reduced density of APB defects.} + +Lower growth temperatures, a clean growth ambient, in situ control of the growth process, layer-by-layer deposition and the possibility to achieve dopant profiles within atomic dimensions due to the reduced diffusion at low growth temperatures reveal MBE as a promising technique to produce SiC epitaxial layers. +Using alternating supply of the gas beams Si$_2$H$_6$ and C$_2$H$_2$ in GSMBE, 3C-SiC epilayers were obtained on 6H-SiC substrates \cite{yoshinobu92}. +On \hkl(000-1) substrates ... +gas source ... 3C homoeptiaxy \cite{yoshinobu90} +3C on 3C homoepitaxy by ALE \cite{fuyuki89,fuyuki93,hara93} +6H on 6H ... \cite{tanaka94} +Problem of gas source ... strong adsorption and incorporation of atomic decomposited hydrogen of the gas phase reactants at low temperatures. +Growth rate lower than desorption rate of hydrogen ... +Solid source MBE may be the key to avoid such problems ... +Realized on and off-axis 3C on 4H and ... \cite{fissel95,fissel95_apl} ... +Nonstoichiometric reconstruction plays a relevenat role ... handled by Si/C flux ratio ... \cite{fissel96,righi03} ... +change in adlayer thickness and, consequently, in the surface super structure leading to growth of another polytype \cite{fissel95} ... +Possibility to grow heterostructures (band gap engineering) by careful control of the Si/C ratio and Si excess. + +To summarize ... remaining obstacles are ... APB in 3C ... and micropipes in hexagonal SiC? \section{Ion beam synthesis of cubic silicon carbide}