X-Git-Url: https://hackdaworld.org/gitweb/?p=lectures%2Flatex.git;a=blobdiff_plain;f=physics_compact%2Fmath_app.tex;h=79e4ec996d602cf18cf629e0cd0ce6ee4bcfbbc8;hp=e6e935e02ab94884ffacec27651f38c564975a09;hb=dcfe9181a03b1eff2ec41d207241647e7392f2fd;hpb=df550a4ec6a24e44ceba6ccf4111722940040c1d

diff --git a/physics_compact/math_app.tex b/physics_compact/math_app.tex
index e6e935e..79e4ec9 100644
--- a/physics_compact/math_app.tex
+++ b/physics_compact/math_app.tex
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 \chapter{Mathematical tools}
 
-\section{Vector space}
+\section{Vector algebra}
+
+\subsection{Vector space}
 \label{math_app:vector_space}
 
 \begin{definition}
@@ -32,6 +34,83 @@ Due to the additive abelian group, the following properties are additionally val
 The addition of two vectors is called vector addition.
 \end{remark}
 
+\subsection{Dual space}
+
+\subsection{Inner and outer product}
+\label{math_app:product}
+
+\begin{definition}
+The inner product on a vector space $V$ over $K$ is a map $(\cdot,\cdot):V\times V \rightarrow K$, which satisfies
+\begin{itemize}
+\item $(\vec{u},\vec{v})=(\vec{v},\vec{u})^*$
+      (conjugate symmetry, symmetric for $K=\mathbb{R}$)
+\item $(\lambda\vec{u},\vec{v})=\lambda(\vec{u},\vec{v})$ and
+      $(\vec{u}'+\vec{u}'',\vec{v})=(\vec{u}',\vec{v})+(\vec{u}'',\vec{v})$
+      (linearity in first argument)
+\item $(\vec{u},\vec{u})\geq 0 \text{, } ``=" \Leftrightarrow \vec{u}=0$
+      (positive definite)
+\end{itemize}
+for $\vec{u},\vec{v}\in V$ and $\lambda\in K$.
+\end{definition}
+
+\begin{remark}
+Due to conjugate symmetry, linearity in the first argument results in conjugate linearity (also termed antilinearity) in the second argument.
+This is called a sesquilinear form.
+\begin{equation}
+(\vec{u},\lambda(\vec{v}'+\vec{v}''))=(\lambda(\vec{v}'+\vec{v}''),\vec{u})^*=
+\lambda^*(\vec{v}',\vec{u})^*+\lambda^*(\vec{v}'',\vec{u})^*=
+\lambda^*(\vec{u},\vec{v}')+\lambda^*(\vec{u},\vec{v}'')
+\end{equation}
+In physics and matrix algebra, the inner product is often defined with linearity in the second argument and conjugate linearity in the first argument.
+This allows to express the inner product $(\vec{u},\vec{v})$ as a product of vector $\vec{v}$ with the dual vector or linear functional of dual space $V^{\dagger}$
+\begin{equation}
+(\vec{u},\vec{v}) \rightarrow \vec{u}^{\dagger}(\vec{u})\vec{v}
+\end{equation}
+or the conjugate transpose in matrix formalism
+\begin{equation}
+(\vec{u},\vec{v}) \rightarrow \vec{u}^{\dagger}\vec{v} \text{ .}
+\end{equation}
+In doing so, conjugacy is associated with duality.
+\end{remark}
+
+\begin{definition}
+If $\vec{u}\in U$, $\vec{v}\in V$ are vectors within the respective vector spaces and $\vec{y}^{\dagger}\in V^{\dagger}$  is a linear functional of the dual space $V^{\dagger}$ of $V$,
+the outer product $\vec{u}\otimes\vec{v}$ is defined as the tensor product of $\vec{y}^{\dagger}$ and $\vec{u}$,
+which constitutes a map $A:V\rightarrow U$ by
+\begin{equation}
+\vec{v}\mapsto\vec{y}^{\dagger}(\vec{v})\vec{u}
+\text{ ,}
+\end{equation}
+where $\vec{y}^{\dagger}(\vec{v})$ denotes the linear functional $\vec{y}^{\dagger}\in V^{\dagger}$ on $V$ when evaluated at $\vec{v}\in V$, a scalar that in turn is multiplied with $\vec{u}\in U$.
+
+In matrix formalism, with respect to a given basis ${\vec{e}_i}$ of $\vec{u}$ and ${\vec{e}'_i}$ of $\vec{v}$,
+if $\vec{u}=\sum_i^m \vec{e}_iu_i$ and $\vec{v}=\sum_i^n\vec{e}'_iv_i$,
+the outer product can be written as matrix $A$ as
+\begin{equation}
+\vec{u}\otimes\vec{v}=A=\left(
+\begin{array}{c c c c}
+u_1v_1 & u_1v_2 & \cdots & u_1v_n\\
+u_2v_1 & u_2v_2 & \cdots & u_2v_n\\
+\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\
+u_mv_1 & u_mv_2 & \cdots & u_mv_n\\
+\end{array}
+\right)
+\text{ .}
+\end{equation}
+\end{definition}
+\begin{remark}
+The matrix can be equivalently obtained by matrix multiplication:
+\begin{equation}
+\vec{u}\otimes\vec{v}=\vec{u}\vec{v}^{\dagger} \text{ ,}
+\end{equation}
+if $\vec{u}$ and $\vec{v}$ are represented as $m\times 1$ and $n\times 1$ column vectors, respectively.
+Here, $\vec{v}^{\dagger}$ represents the conjugate transpose of $\vec{v}$.
+By definition, and as can be easily seen in the matrix representation, the following identity holds:
+\begin{equation}
+(\vec{u}\otimes\vec{v})\vec{w}=\vec{u}(\vec{v},\vec{w})
+\end{equation}
+\end{remark}
+
 \section{Spherical coordinates}
 
 \section{Fourier integrals}