+Concerning the mobility of the ground state Si$_{\text{i}}$, an activation energy shortly below \unit[0.7]{eV} was found for the migration of a Si$_{\text{i}}$ \hkl[0 1 -1] into a \hkl[1 1 0] DB configuration located at the next neighboured Si lattice site in \hkl[1 1 -1] direction.\r
+% look for values in literature for neutraly charged Si_i diffusion\r
+\r
+\subsection{Pairs of C$_{\text{i}}$}\r
+\r
+C$_{\text{i}}$ pairs of the \hkl<1 0 0>-type have been considered in the first part.\r
+Table~\ref{table:dc_c-c} summarizes the binding energies obtained for configurations, in which an initial C$_{\text{i}}$ \hkl[0 0 -1] DB located at position Si$_{\text{i}}$/C$_{\text{i}}$ is combined with a defect of the same type occupying various orientations at positions 1 to 5 (see Fig.~\ref{fig:combos}).\r
+\begin{table}\r
+\begin{ruledtabular}\r
+\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c }\r
+ & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & R \\\r
+\hline\r
+ \hkl[0 0 -1] & -0.08 & -1.15 & -0.08 & 0.04 & -1.66 & -0.19\\\r
+ \hkl[0 0 1] & 0.34 & 0.004 & -2.05 & 0.26 & -1.53 & -0.19\\\r
+ \hkl[0 -1 0] & -2.39 & -0.17 & -0.10 & -0.27 & -1.88 & -0.05\\\r
+ \hkl[0 1 0] & -2.25 & -1.90 & -2.25 & -0.12 & -1.38 & -0.06\\\r
+ \hkl[-1 0 0] & -2.39 & -0.36 & -2.25 & -0.12 & -1.88 & -0.05\\\r
+ \hkl[1 0 0] & -2.25 & -2.16 & -0.10 & -0.27 & -1.38 & -0.06\\\r
+\end{tabular}\r
+\end{ruledtabular}\r
+\caption{Binding energies of C$_{\text{i}}$ \hkl<1 0 0>-type defect pairs in eV. Equivalent configurations exhibit equal energies. The first column lists the orientation of the defect, which is combined with the initial C$_{\text{i}}$ \hkl[0 0 -1] dumbbell. The position index of the second defect is given in the first row according to Fig.~\ref{fig:combos}. R corresponds to the position located at $\frac{a_{\text{Si}}}{2}\hkl[3 2 3]$ relative to the initial defect position, which is the maximum realizable distance due to periodic boundary conditions.}\r
+\label{table:dc_c-c}\r
+\end{table}\r
+Most of the obtained configurations result in binding energies well below zero indicating a preferable agglomeration of these type of defects.\r
+For increasing distances of the defect pair the binding energy approaches to zero (R in Table~\ref{table:dc_c-c}) as it is expected for non-interacting isolated defects.\r
+Energetically favorable and unfavorable configurations can be explained by stress compensation and increase respectively, which is due to the resulting net strain of the respective configuration of the defect combination.\r
+Antiparallel orientations of the second defect (\hkl[0 0 1]) at positions located below the \hkl(0 0 1) plane with respect to the initial one (positions 1, 2 and 4) show the energetically most unfavorable configurations.\r
+In contrast, the parallel and particularly the twisted orientations constitute energetically favorable configurations, in which a vast reduction of strain is enabled by combination of these defects.\r
+\r
+Mattoni et al.\cite{mattoni2002} predict the ground state configuration for a \hkl[1 0 0] or equivalently a \hkl[0 1 0] defect created at position 1 with both defects basically maintaining the DB structure, resulting in a binding energy of \unit[-2.1]{eV}.\r
+In this work we found a further relaxation of this defect structure.\r
+The C atom of the second and the Si atom of the initial DB move towards each other forming a bond, which results in a somewhat lower binding energy of \unit[-2.25]{eV}.\r
+Furthermore a more favorable configuration was found for the combination with a \hkl[0 -1 0] and \hkl[-1 0 0] DB respectively, which is assumed to constitute the actual ground state configuration of two C$_{\text{i}}$ DBs in Si.\r
+The two C atoms form a strong C-C bond, which is responsible for the large gain in energy resulting in a binding energy of \unit[-2.39]{eV}.\r
+\r
+Investigating migration barriers enables to predict the probability of formation of the thermodynamic ground state defect complex by thermally activated diffusion processes.\r
+High activation energies are necessary for the migration of low energy configurations, in which the C atom of the second DB is located in the vicinity of the initial DB.\r
+The transition of the configuration, in which the second DB oriented along \hkl[0 1 0] type at position 2 (\unit[-1.90]{eV}) into a \hkl[0 1 0] DB at position 1 (\unit[-2.39]{eV}) for instance, revealed a barrier height of more than \unit[4]{eV}.\r
+Low barriers do only exist from energetically less favorable configurations, e.g. the configuration of the \hkl[-1 0 0] DB located at position 2 (\unit[-0.36]{eV}).\r
+Starting from this onfiguration, an activation energy of only \unit[1.2]{eV} is necessary for the transition into the ground state configuration.\r
+% strange mig from -190 -> -2.39 (barrier > 4 eV)\r
+% C-C migration -> idea:\r
+% mig from low energy confs has extremely high barrier!\r
+% low barrier only from energetically less/unfavorable confs (?)! <- prove!\r
+% => low probability of C-C clustering ?!?\r
+%\r
+% should possibly be transfered to discussion section\r
+Since thermally activated C clustering is, thus, only possible by traversing energetically unfavored configurations, mass C clustering is not expected.\r
+Furthermore, the migration barrier is still higher than the activation energy observed for a single C$_{\text{i}}$ \hkl<1 0 0> DB in c-Si.\r
+The migration barrier of a C$_{\text{i}}$ DB in a complex system is assumed to approximate the barrier in a separated system with increasing defect separation distance.\r
+Thus, lower migration barriers are expected for separating C$_{\text{i}}$ DBs.\r
+% calculate?!?\r
+However, low binding energies ... and the difference needs to be overcome too.\r
+It is bound to precapture state and only \r
+However if the activation energy is $>>$ than the difference in energy of the two configurations both states are equally occupied.\r
+And at increased temperatures that enable such diffusion processes the entropy comes into play.\r
+A promising configuration ... -2.25, and the amoun tof equivalent configurations is twice as high.\r
+Thus, C agglomeration indeed is expected but only a low probability is assumed for C clustering by thermally activated processes with regard to the considered period of time.\r
+% ?!?\r
+% look for precapture mechnism (local minimum in energy curve)\r
+% also: plot energy all confs with respect to C-C distance\r
+% maybe a pathway exists traversing low energy confs ?!?\r
+\r
+% point out that configurations along 110 were extended up to the 6th NN in that direction\r
+The binding energies of the energetically most favorable configurations with the seocnd DB located along the \hkl[1 1 0] direction and resulting C-C distances of the relaxed structures are summarized in Table~\ref{table:dc_110}.\r
+\begin{table}\r
+\begin{ruledtabular}\r
+\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c }\r
+ & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 \\\r
+\hline\r
+ $E_{\text{b}}$ [eV] & -2.39 & -1.88 & -0.59 & -0.31 & -0.24 & -0.21 \\\r
+C-C distance [nm] & 0.14 & 0.46 & 0.65 & 0.86 & 1.05 & 1.08 \r
+\end{tabular}\r
+\end{ruledtabular}\r
+\caption{Binding energies $E_{\text{b}}$ and C-C distance of energetically most favorable C$_{\text{i}}$ \hkl<1 0 0>-type defect pairs separated along bonds in \hkl[1 1 0] direction.}\r
+\label{table:dc_110}\r
+\end{table}\r
+The binding energy of these configurations with respect to the C-C distance is plotted in Fig.~\ref{fig:dc_110}\r
+\begin{figure}\r
+\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{db_along_110_cc_n.ps}\r
+\caption{Minimum binding energy of dumbbell combinations separated along \hkl[1 1 0] with respect to the C-C distance. The blue line is a guide for the eye and the green curve corresponds to the most suitable fit function consisting of all but the first data point.}\r
+\label{fig:dc_110}\r
+\end{figure}\r
+The interaction is found to be proportional to the reciprocal cube of the C-C distance for extended separations of the C$_{\text{i}}$ and saturates for the smallest possible separation, i.e. the ground state configuration.\r
+\r
+\begin{table}\r
+\begin{ruledtabular}\r
+\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c }\r
+ & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & R \\\r
+\hline\r
+C$_{\text{s}}$ & 0.26$^a$/-1.28$^b$ & -0.51 & -0.93$^A$/-0.95$^B$ & -0.15 & 0.49 & -0.05\\\r
+V & -5.39 ($\rightarrow$ C$_{\text{S}}$) & -0.59 & -3.14 & -0.54 & -0.50 & -0.31\r
+\end{tabular}\r
+\end{ruledtabular}\r
+\caption{Binding energies of combinations of the C$_{\text{i}}$ \hkl[0 0 -1] defect with a substitutional C or vacancy located at positions 1 to 5 according to Fig.~\ref{fig:combos}. R corresponds to the position located at $\frac{a_{\text{Si}}}{2}\hkl[3 2 3]$ relative to the initial defect position, which is the maximum realizable distance due to periodic boundary conditions.}\r
+\label{table:dc_c-sv}\r
+\end{table}\r
+\r
+\subsection{C$_{\text{i}}$ next to C$_{\text{s}}$}\r
+\r
+The first row of Table~\ref{table:dc_c-sv} lists the binding energies of C$_{\text{s}}$ next to the C$_{\text{i}}$ \hkl[0 0 -1] DB.\r
+For C$_{\text{s}}$ located at position 1 and 3 the configurations a and A correspond to the naive relaxation of the structure by substituting a Si atom with C in the initial C$_{\text{i}}$ \hkl[0 0 -1] DB structure at positions 1 and 3 respectively.\r
+However, small displacements of the involved atoms near the defect result in different stable structures labeled b and B respectively.\r
+\r
+% A B\r
+Configuration A consists of a C$_{\text{i}}$ \hkl[0 0 -1] DB with threefold coordinated Si and C DB atoms slightly disturbed by the C$_{\text{s}}$ at position 3, facing the Si DB atom as a next neighbor.\r
+By breaking a Si-Si in favor of a Si-C bond configuration B is obtained, which shows a twofold coordinated Si atom located inbetween two substitutional C atoms residing on regular Si lattice sites.\r
+This configuration has been identified and described by spectroscopic experimental techniques\cite{song90_2} as well as theoretical studies\cite{leary97,capaz98}.\r
+Configuration B is found to constitute the energetically more favorable configuration.\r
+However, the gain in energy due to the significantly lower energy of a Si-C compared to a Si-Si bond turns out to be smaller than expected due to a large compensation by introduced strain as a result of the Si interstitial structure.\r
+Present results show a difference in energy of states A and B, which exactly matches the experimental value of \unit[0.02]{eV}\cite{song90_2} reinforcing qualitatively correct results of previous theoretical studies on these structures.\r
+% mattoni: A favored by 0.4 eV - NO, it is indeed B (reinforce Song and Capaz)!\r
+%\r
+% AB transition\r
+%Figure~\ref{fig:AB} displays the two configurations and migration barrier for the transition among the two states.\r
+\r
+% a b\r
+Configuration a is similar to configuration A except that the C$_{\text{s}}$ at position 1 is facing the C DB atom as a next neighbor resulting in the formation of a strong C-C bond and a much more noticeable perturbation of the DB structure.\r
+Nevertheless, the C and Si DB atoms remain threefold coordinated.\r
+Although the C-C bond exhibiting a distance of \unit[0.15]{nm} close to the distance expected in diamond or graphite should lead to a huge gain in energy, a repulsive interaction with a binding energy of \unit[0.26]{eV} is observed due to compressive strain of the Si DB atom and its top neighbors (\unit[0.230]{nm}/\unit[0.236]{nm}) along with additional tensile strain of the C$_{\text{s}}$ and its three neighboring Si atoms (\unit[0.198-0.209]{nm}/\unit[0.189]{nm}).\r
+\r
+...\r
+\r
+Liu et~al.\cite{liu02} propose a similar structure \unit[0.2]{eV} lower than configuration B, thus, constituting the ground state configuration.\r
+The structure labeld b indeed is the ground state configuration, in which the two C atoms form a \hkl[1 0 0] DB sharing the C$_{\text{s}}$ lattice site and the initial Si DB atom occupying the lattice site shared by the initial C$_{\text{i}}$ DB.\r
+\r
+Spin polarization for C-C Int resulting spin up electrons located as in the case of the Si 100 int.\r
+% mattoni: A favored by 0.2 eV - NO! (again, missing spin polarization?)\r
+\r
+\r
+\subsection{C$_{\text{i}}$ next to V}\r
+\r
+\subsection{C$_{\text{s}}$ next to Si$_{\text{i}}$}\r
+\r
+Non-zeor temperature, entropy, spatial separation of these defects possible, indeed observed in ab initio MD run.\r